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- Nasser (centre)
- graduated from
- military college
- in 1938. The army
- was seen as the
- embodiment of
- nationalist dreams
- of independence
- for Egypt from
- British rule, and
- Nasser was the
- man who would
- realise the dream
- #
- In 1952 the
- pro-British King
- Farouk was over-
- thrown by army
- officers, led by
- General Neguib.
- But the real leader
- of the revolt was
- the 34-year-old
- Gamal Nasser
- #
- By 1954, two
- years after the
- overthrow of the
- monarchy, Nasser
- had maneuvered
- the moderate
- Neguib out of
- office and took
- absolute power
- for himself
- #
- Nasser believed
- in pan-Arabism -
- the union of all
- Arab countries
- against Western
- imperialism. In
- 1958 Egypt and
- Syria were united
- as the United
- Arab Republic,
- with Nasser as its
- head. But the new
- state lasted a
- mere three years
- @
- The Suez Canal,
- which ran through
- Egyptian territory,
- was a vital link
- between the Medi-
- terranean Sea and
- the Indian Ocean
- for Britain and
- France. Their
- governments held
- most of the shares
- in the Suez
- Canal company
- #
- In 1956 Nasser
- nationalized the
- Suez Canal,which
- he said was making
- $100 million a
- year for foreign
- powers. He planned
- to use the revenue
- to finance the
- Aswan dam project
- but Nasser's move
- was also an act of
- defiance to the
- western powers:
- the canal was on
- Egyptian territory
- so it was for
- Egypt to exploit
- as it saw fit
- #
- Anthony Eden,
- the British prime
- minister, feared
- that Nasser might
- stop British ships
- using the Suez
- Canal. In his mind,
- Nasser was a
- grasping enemy,
- like Hitler, and
- Eden made it clear
- that he was ready
- to go to war with
- Egypt over the
- status of the canal
- #
- The British Army
- invaded Egypt.
- There was fierce
- fighting for key
- installations in
- Port Said and in
- the canal zone. But
- in Britain thousands
- demonstrated in
- protest at the war.
- Also, the United
- States made it clear
- that it disapproved
- of Britain's violent
- response to Egypt's
- defiant action
- #
-
- British and French
- troops occupied
- Egypt, but were
- withdrawn after
- US pressure on
- their governments.
- The war marked
- the end of British
- influence in the
- Middle East, while
- in the Arab world
- Nasser's prestige
- soared to unpre-
- cedented heights
- @
- Nasser's role as
- champion of the
- Arab people led
- inevitably to
- confrontation
- with Israel. In
- 1967, in a move
- designed more for
- show than war,
- Nasser closed
- the Gulf of Aqaba
- to Israeli shipping
- #
- Israel called
- Nasser's bluff and
- went to war. In
- two days Israeli
- forces smashed
- the Egyptian
- army, taking
- thousands of
- prisoners, and
- then rounded on
- Nasser's allies,
- Syria and Jordan
- #
- The six-day war
- was a humiliation
- for the Arab world
- and for Nasser
- in particular. He
- announced his
- resignation, but he
- remained a hero to
- the Arabs, and
- following massive
- demonstrations in
- Egypt he returned
- to office
- #
- Nasser's greatest
- achievement in
- Egypt lay in the
- social reforms he
- made: education,
- work conditions,
- pensions. But
- Egypt made little
- political progress
- under his leader-
- ship. He could have
- introduced a form
- of parliamentary
- democracy; but he
- did no more than
- replace the old
- ruling families
- with a military
- autocracy
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